Methods

We previously demonstrated that naïve CD8⁺ T cells exposed to IL-12 during antigenic priming (Pmel^Ag+12) provided superior anti-tumor activity after transfer when compared to cells activated in the presence of antigen alone (Pmel^Ag). In this setting, tumor regression was associated with sustained levels of intra-tumoral IFN-γ. Expression analysis using total tumor RNA showed elevated expression of IFN-γ responsive genes such as IP-10, MCP-1, MIG, and MIP-1α. Even without IL-12 stimulation during ex vivo antigenic priming, Pmel cells were able to initially reach the tumor and secrete high levels of IFN-γ. However, by day 7 after adoptive transfer tumors in mice that received Pmel^Ag were significantly larger than those in mice injected with Pmel^Ag+12. Failure to maintain intra-tumoral levels of IFN-γ was associated with a decrease in the frequency of tumor infiltrating Pmel^Ag. We hypothesized that high levels of IFN-γ had a detrimental effect on Pmel^Ag, via induction of apoptosis. IFN-γ is a multifunctional cytokine that induces a variety of contrasting cell responses such as proliferation or cell death. The cellular response to an IFN-γ stimulus depends on the specific receptor being activated, with IFN-γR1 inducing proliferation and IFN-γR2 inducing apoptosis.