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Immunotherapy biomarkers
Original research
First-in-human DR5 PET reveals insufficient DR5 expression in patients with gastrointestinal cancer
  1. Shujing Wang1,2,3,
  2. Hua Zhu1,2,3,
  3. Yingjie Li3,4,
  4. Jin Ding1,2,3,
  5. Feng Wang1,2,3,
  6. Lixin Ding1,2,3,
  7. Xinyu Wang3,4,
  8. Jun Zhao3,4,
  9. Yan Zhang1,2,3,
  10. Yunfeng Yao3,4,
  11. Tong Zhou5,
  12. Nan Li1,2,3,
  13. Aiwen Wu3,4 and
  14. Zhi Yang1,2,3
  1. 1Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
  2. 2NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals (National Medical Products Administration), Beijing, China
  3. 3Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing, China
  4. 4Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
  5. 5Department of Cell Biology and Divisions of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  1. Correspondence to Professor Nan Li; rainbow6283{at}sina.com; Professor Aiwen Wu; wuaw{at}sina.com; Professor Zhi Yang; pekyz{at}163.com

Abstract

Background Death receptor 5 (DR5) is a promising therapeutic target for cancer therapy. However, many clinical trials of DR5 agonists failed to show significant therapeutic efficacy in patients with cancer. The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using 89Zr-CTB006 positron emission tomography (PET) for noninvasive imaging of DR5 expression in preclinical models and patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancers.

Methods Balb/c, Sp2/0 xenograft and patient-derived tumor xenograft were employed for micro-PET/CT imaging in vivo. In the clinical study, patients with GI cancers planning to undergo surgical operation were enrolled and underwent 18F-FDG and 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT. The tumor tissues were obtained through surgical operation and DR5 expression levels were confirmed by RNAscope.

Results Preclinical studies showed that 89Zr-CTB006 PET could specifically detect DR5 expression levels in vivo. Twenty-one patients, including nine gastric cancers and 12 colorectal cancers, were enrolled. The biodistribution showed high uptake in the liver and spleen and low uptake in the brain, lung and muscle with an acceptable whole-body dosimetry of 0.349 mSv/MBq. Strikingly, the adrenal glands maintained stable high uptake over the entire examination in all patients. The tumor lesions showed different levels of uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 with a mean maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 6.63±3.29 (range 1.8–13.8). Tumor tissue was obtained from 18 patients, and 89Zr-CTB006 uptake in patients with RNAscope scores of 3–4 was significantly higher than that in patients with scores of 0–2. An SUVmax of 9.3 at 48 hours and 6.3 at 72 hours could be used to discriminate the DR5 expression status of tumors both with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 92.9%, respectively.

Conclusions 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT is capable of detecting DR5 expression in cancer patients and is a promising approach to screen patients with DR5 overexpression.

  • tumor biomarkers
  • receptors
  • immunologic

Data availability statement

Data are available on reasonable request. The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-002926

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    Introduction

    Death receptor 5 (DR5), also known as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2), is a necessary ligand for inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells.1 Conventional anticancer therapies (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) induce apoptosis through the endogenous mitochondrial signaling pathway, while the TNF family ligands can induce apoptosis through the exogenous pathway when combined with their naturally stimulating TRAIL or agonist antibodies.2–4 DR5, as a receptor of TRAIL, is widely expressed on the surface of tumor cells, but rarely on normal cells.5–7 The rate of DR5 expression was previously reported to be 60.0%–100.0% in a range of malignant tumors while only low levels of DR5 were found in few normal cells.8 Based on its selective antitumor ability in a series of preclinical studies,9 DR5 has become a potential target for improving the efficacy and safety of tumor therapy. Several DR5 monoclonal agonist antibodies such as conatumab, tigatumumab (CS1008), and lexatumumab have been developed and have shown good safety and antitumor effects in some tumor patients in phase I and II clinical trials.10 However, no clinical trials have reached the expected end points, such as improving objective response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival. This finding suggests that clinical trials of DR5 agonistic antibodies have difficulty achieving success in unselected patients.11 12 Therefore, it is necessary to identify a method to screen patients who will benefit from DR5 agonistic antibody therapy for clinical trials.

    In 2015, a phase I trial of CS-1008 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer showed that the clinical benefit rate (stable disease and partial response) in patients with 111In-CS-1008 uptake in tumors was 58.0% vs 28.0% in patients without uptake through 111In-CS-1008 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, suggesting that 111In-CS-1008 SPECT imaging is predictive of the clinical benefit of DR5 agonistic antibody therapy.13 However, due to the low resolution and lack of quantitative capability of SPECT, 111In-CS-1008 SPECT imaging is not practical for clinical application. Positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET/CT) with higher spatial resolution, higher sensitivity than SPECT and quantitative capability is expected to be a better method for screening patients benefiting from DR5 agonistic antibody therapy.

    CTB006 is a humanized chimeric recombinant anti-human DR5 monoclonal antibody that can specifically bind to DR5 and has been approved by the National Medical Products Administration for clinical trials (No. 2015L02216). We established a noninvasive approach using the new radionuclide 89Zr-labeled CTB006 to perform PET/CT imaging in order to assess the DR5 expression in animals and patients. Both preclinical and clinical studies showed that 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT could noninvasively detect DR5 expression in tumor lesions, which was pathologically confirmed by RNAscope. These results suggest that DR5 expression screening in oncology patients for DR5 targeting therapy should be taken into consideration.

    Materials and methods

    Study design

    The study aimed to evaluate a PET tracer 89Zr-CTB006 for detecting DR5 expression status quantitatively and non-invasively from animals to patients, and validate the benefit from CTB006 therapy in patients with tumor 89Zr-CTB006 uptake. The clinical trial was an open-label, single site, prospective study (figure 1) and registered on Chinese Clinical Trail Registry (ChiCTR2100042022). The objective was to determine the safety, dosimetry, biodistribution and the tumor uptake of 89Zr-CTB006, and investigate the potential of the 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT to detect DR5 expression and screen DR5 overexpression patients with gastrointestinal cancers. All patients provided written informed consents.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1

    Trial profile: 21 patients (14 male, 7 female）with a mean age of 58 years (range, 35–75) were enrolled, including 12 colorectal patients with cancers and 9 patients with gastric cancers. One patient withdrew for individual reasons after the first imaging of 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT. The tumor tissues of 18 patients were obtained and 10 patients’ RNAscope scores were 0; 3 patients’ were 1; 2 patients’ were 2; 2 patients’ were 3; 1 patient’ was 4.

    Materials and experimental animals

    The Colo205 cell line, N87 cell line were purchased from American type culture collection. 89Zr was produced and purified by the Nuclear Medicine Department of Beijing Cancer Hospital. The CTB006 monoclonal antibody, Balb/c mice, mice-bearing Colo205 xenografts and Sp2/0 xenografts, mice-bearing CS225 and CS263 patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDX) were provided by Sinotau (Beijing, China). All procedures in studies involving animals were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee.

    Radiolabeling and quality control of 89Zr-CTB006

    89Zr was coupled with CTB006 via the bifunctional metal ion chelate deferoxamine in solution with pH 7.0 for 1 hour. Then a PD-10 column was used to generated 89Zr-CTB006 with radiochemical purity (RP) of >95.0%. Quality control was conducted using radioactive thin-layer chromatography (Bioscan, IAR-2000, Washington, District of Columbia, USA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (Agilent, Lake Forest, California, USA) in a standard protocol.

    In vitro cell binding affinity

    A serial dilution of DR5 positive Colo205 cells (1×107/ mL, 5×106/ mL, 2.5×106/ mL, 1.25×106/ mL, 0.625×106/ mL, 0.31×106/ mL) and DR5 negative N87 cells (1×107/ mL), BGC803(1×107/ mL) were incubated for 1 hour with 4 µg/mL (7.4 Bq) at room temperature. After incubation, cells were centrifuged and the activity in the cell pellet was measured in a gamma counter.

    Animal studies

    Biodistribution study of 89Zr-CTB006 in mice

    Female Balb/c mice were injected with 5.18 MBq 89Zr-CTB006 and sacrificed at 10 min, 1 hour, 4 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 96 hours, 168 hours, 312 hours (n=5 per time point) after injection. The main organs were harvested, weighed, and measured in a gamma counter. The percent injected dose per gram (%ID/g) was calculated by comparison to a weighed, diluted standard.

    89Zr-CTB006 PET imaging in mice tumor models

    Female mice-bearing Colo205 xenografts (DR5 positive model of human colorectal cancer) and Sp2/0 xenografts (DR5 negative model of human myeloma) were divided into experimental group (n=4), blocking group(n=4), control group(n=4) and free 89Zr group (n=2). For PET/CT imaging, 3.7MBq 89Zr-CTB006 was injected per mouse for the experiment group, blocking group, control group while 30 mg/kg CTB006 was coinjected for the blocking group, and 89Zr was injected per mouse for the free 89Zr group. Static PET/CT scans were performed for 10 min at 1 hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 96 hours, 168 hours, 312 hours after injection with the SNPC-103 micro-PET/CT (Pingsheng, China). After reconstruction, the images were processed by image processing software PMOD (Zürich, Switzerland). Mice-bearing CS225 and CS263 xenografts, two PDX established from a lung cancer patient with high DR5 expression (with RNAscope score of 4) and a patient with colorectal cancer with medium DR5 expression (with RNAscope score of 3), respectively, were obtained. Static PET/CT scans were performed for 30 min 14 days after administration of 7.4MBq 89Zr-CTB006 per mouse (n=3). After scanning, the original data were reconstructed and processed by image processing software. The mice were sacrificed to obtain major organs, which were weighed by balance and measured by the gamma count to calculate the %ID/g value.

    Eligibility criteria of patients in the clinical trial

    For the prospective clinical trial, patients with pathological confirmed gastrointestinal cancers who would undergo surgical operation, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤2, were eligible. Other inclusion criteria were an age between 18–75 years; a life expectancy of at least 3 months; and adequate liver and renal function. Patients who were pregnant, allergic to research drugs, unable to tolerate the whole examination, or suffering from claustrophobia were excluded.

    89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT and 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients

    All patients underwent 18F-flurodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT and 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT after 52.77±11 MBq 89Zr-CTB006 injection. The first 6 patients underwent 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT at 2 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 120 hours after injection of 89Zr-CTB006 with Siemens Biograph mCT Flow 64 scanner (Erlangen, Germany). Others underwent 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT at 2 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours after the 89Zr-CTB006 injection. PET images were acquired from head to upper thigh with scan speeds of 0.8 mm/s, 0.5 mm/s, 0.4 mm/s, 0.3 mm/s and 0.2 mm/s at 2 hour, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours/96 hours, 120 hours, respectively, and were reconstructed using the ordered-subset expectation maximization method. Images were interpreted by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians who were aware of the patient’s history. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the tumors was measured. The uptake ratio of the tumor to the adrenal glands (SUVratio) was calculated with the use of SUVmax of the tumor and SUVmean of the adrenal glands.

    89Zr-CTB006 biodistribution and dosimetry evaluation in human

    SUVmean in main organs based on the whole-body uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 was evaluated. Volume of interests were drawn on the main organs including the brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, muscle, and bone on the PET/CT images to measure their activity concentration with the IntelliSpace Portal workstations (Philips, Netherlands). Values of standard male/female organ masses were taken from the Organ Level Internal Dose Assessment (OLINDA/EXM) software (V.2.2, HERMES Medical Solutions, Canada) and the human organ dosimetry was estimated.

    DR5 expression in obtained tumor tissue using RNAscope

    An mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH) technique named RNAscope was used to investigate the DR5 expression in the tumor lesions. RNAscope 2.5 HD Brown Detection Kit (Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Hayward, California, USA) and RNAscope Probes for DR5 mRNA were applied, according to the manufacturer’s instruction.14 Probes are hybridized for 2 hours and followed by a cascade of signal amplification for enhancing the signal. According to the signal number in the cells, the staining results were scoring into five levels (score 0–4, online supplemental table 1). Each sample was quality controlled with a probe specific to the house keeping PPIB mRNA for positive control and a probe specific to bacterial dapB gene for negative control.

    Supplemental material

    Safety evaluation

    All patients underwent the measurement of vital signs (blood pressure, heart rates, respiratory rate, and temperature), clinical laboratory testing (blood routine examination, routine urinalysis, hepatic and renal function examination) and electrocardiography before and 72 hours after 89Zr-CTB006 administration.

    Statistical analysis

    Descriptive statistics included median or mean and SD. Comparisons between groups were done using the one-samples t-test and relationship between two groups were done using pearson correlation analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were computed for SUVmax and SUVratio for evaluating the ability to detect DR5 expression status and the optimum cut-off value was obtained with Yoden index. Statistical analysis was performed with the IBM SPSS software (V.20.0; IBM).

    Results

    In vitro cell binding affinity

    CTB006 was efficiently radiolabeled with 89Zr and passed the quality control for clinical application (online supplemental table 2). The average radiolabeling efficiency and RP are 96.9%±0.5% (n=21）and over 97.4% (n=21), respectively. 89Zr-CTB006 showed the highest binding affinity for Colo205 cells while the binding affinities for N87 and BGC803 cells were lower. The dissociation constant (Kd) of 89Zr-CTB006 was 65.24 nmol, as calculated by a one site saturation binding affinity test (online supplemental figure 1G).

    Animal study

    Female Balb/c mice were injected with 5.18 MBq 89Zr-CTB006. The biodistribution results showed high uptake in the heart, liver, lung, spleen, kidney and blood. The uptake in the marrow increased slowly while the uptake in the other organs decreased with time.

    Mice with Colo205 and Sp0/2 tumors were injected with 3.7 MBq 89Zr-CTB006 for imaging via the tail vein. The Colo205 tumor in the experimental group showed obvious uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 and had the highest uptake at 168 hours after administration (%ID/g: 12.75±3.81) (online supplemental figure 1). The experimental group showed significantly higher uptake in tumors than the blocking group (%ID/g: 12.75±3.81 vs 8.21±1.16, p<0.05), the control group (%ID/g: 12.75±3.81 vs 4.34±0.55, p<0.01) and the free 89Zr group (%ID/g: 12.75±3.81 vs 3.88±1.93, p<0.01).

    PDX model mice were injected with 7.4 MBq 89Zr-CTB006 via the tail vein and PET/CT was performed at 168 hours after injection. The images showed that uptake of the tracer in CS225 tumors was significantly higher than that in CS263 tumors (p=0.037) (figure 2). The RNAscope scores of CS225 and CS263 tumors were 4 and 3, respectively, which was consistent with the uptake of 89Zr-CTB006. There was no significant difference in the biodistribution in normal organs between the two groups.

    Figure 2
    Figure 2

    89Zr-CTB006 Micro-PET/CT showed the uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 in CS225 tumors were significantly higher than CS263 tumors (p=0.037). (A, B) Micro-PET/CT of three high DR5 expression tumor model mice CS225 and three low DR5 expression tumor model mice CS263 demonstrated the uptake in tumors. (C, D) RNAscope score of CS225 and CS263 tumors were 4 and 3, respectively. (E) Biodistribution of 89Zr-CTB006 in the two groups showed there was no significant difference in normal organs of the two group mice. DR5, death receptor 5.

    Patient characteristics in the clinical study

    In the clinical study, 21 patients (14 males, 7 females), including 12 patients with colorectal cancers and 9 patients with gastric cancers with a mean age of 58 years (range, 35–75), were enrolled from April 2019 to October 2019 (table 1). One patient withdrew for personal reasons after the first 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT scan.

    View this table:
    Table 1

    Patient characteristics

    General pathology and RNAscope results in the operation cohort

    The pathology results obtained through surgical operation or endoscopy showed that there were 18 adenocarcinomas and 3 adenocarcinomas with signet ring cell carcinoma. The tumor tissues of 18 patients who underwent surgical operation were obtained and DR5 expression levels were detected by RNAscope. The RNAscope scores of ten patients were 0; those of three patients’ were 1, two patients’ scores were 2; two patients’ scores were 3, and one patient’s score was 4.

    Biodistribution of 89Zr-CTB006 from the first-in-human study

    A similar biodistribution pattern of 89Zr-CTB006 was observed in all patients and was in line with the metabolism of 89Zr labeled antibodies in vivo. The SUVmean of the main organs of the first 6 patients was measured to investigate the biodistribution in humans (figure 3). At 2 hours, most of the activity on the PET images was concentrated in the heart and major arteries. The liver and spleen also showed high uptake but lower uptake than the blood. At 24 hours, the tracer in the blood began to clear and the signal was reduced, as was the case in the spleen and liver. At 48 hours and 72 hours, the tracer continued clearing from the blood, and the signals in the blood, liver and spleen were decreased. The kidney, brain, lung, muscle showed low uptake. Some patients experienced earlier high uptake in the intestine at 48 hours and 72 hours, which influenced the imaging of intestinal tumors. Strikingly, throughout the whole examination from 2 to 120 hours, the adrenal glands sustained high accumulation and remained more stable than other organs such as the liver and spleen.

    Figure 3
    Figure 3

    Study design, PET/CT-images of patient 5, biodistribution in patients. (A) Study design. (B) The maximum-intensity-projection reconstruction images of 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT in patient five demonstrated: (1) heart and major arteries showed high uptake of tracer at first, but the signal reduced with time; (3) the adrenal glands sustained high accumulation and maintained stable during the whole examination; (3) background such as brain showed low uptake. (C) Biodistribution in patients showed high uptake heart, liver and spleen. DR5, death receptor 5; SUVmax, maximum standardized uptake value.

    Uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 in tumors

    Except for the tumors in two patients, one with diffuse-type, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with signet ring cell carcinoma and one with early gastric cancer, which showed no obvious uptake of 18F-FDG, the other 18 patients showed different levels of uptake in tumors on 18F-FDG PET/CT. The two 18F-FDG negative patients also showed no uptake of 89Zr-CTB006. The other patients showed different levels of uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 with a mean SUVmax of 6.63±3.29 (range, 1.8–13.8) and the heterogeneity of uptake in tumors was more obvious than that of 18F-FDG. At 24 hours, the tumor was distinguishable but had low contrast to the background. The uptake of tumors peaked at 48 hours in most patients and was still visible at 120 hours. Optimal tumor visualization was generally obtained at 72 hours after injection with the highest tumor background ratio. The highest SUVmax of 13.8 in the tumor was observed in a patient with colon cancer (No.7). Uptake in colorectal cancers was significantly higher than that in gastric cancers (SUVmax 48 hours: 7.61±3.19 vs 3.96±1.56, p=0.008; SUVmax 72 hours: 7.61±3.04 vs 3.96±1.82, p=0.007) (figure 4C,D). There was a significant positive correlation between the SUVmax of tumors on 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT at 72 hours and that on 18F-FDG PET/CT (R: 0.785, p<0.001) (online supplemental figure 2B).

    Figure 4
    Figure 4

    Tracer uptake in different DR5 expression status by RNAscope and tumor types. (A, B) The tumor uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 in patients with RNAscope score 3–4 was significantly higher than that in patients with score 0–2 (mean SUVmax 48 hours: 12.50±1.47 vs 5.49±2.26, p<0.001; 72 hours: 9.30±2.00 vs 4.41±2.00, p=0.001). (C, D) The uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 in colorectal cancer was significantly higher than that in gastric cancer (48 hours: 7.61±3.19 vs 3.96±1.56, p=0.008; 72 hours:7.61±3.04 vs 3.96±1.82, p=0.007). (E) Tumors with higher uptake than adrenal gland had higher DR5 expression (the dotted line represented the SD of adrenal glands uptake in all patients). (F) Receiver operating characteristic curve representing the sensitivity and specificity of SUVmax on 48 hours, 72 hours and SUVratio (ratio of SUVmax of tumor vs SUVmean of the adrenal glands) on 48 hours 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT with the area under the curve of 0.976, 0.905 and 0.9091 (P＜0.05) respectively. DR5, death receptor 5; SUVmax, maximum standardized uptake value. ***: p ≤0.001;**: p≤0.01.

    Uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 was also observed in most metastatic lesions but varied in different sites. The liver metastasis had the highest uptake in a female patient in her early 60s with sigmoid colon cancer (no.7), showing uneven uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 with an SUVmax of 8.8 (72 hours) (figure 5B–D). A gastric cancer female patient in her early 40s (no. 16) with perineal and bone metastasis showed high uptake in the metastatic lesions, and the bone metastasis showed higher uptake on 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT than on 18F-FDG PET/CT (online supplemental figure 3). The uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 at 48 hours in the metastatic lesions was significantly lower than that in the primary lesions in the operation cohort (SUVmax: 6.97±3.14 vs 4.22±2.45, p=0.0135), but not at 72 hours (SUVmax: 5.18±2.63 vs 3.52±2.19, p=0.0704) (online supplemental figure 4A,B).

    Figure 5
    Figure 5

    (A) DR5 expression rates in some common cancers in previous literatures. (B–D) MIP reconstruction images (B), the coronal (C) and sagittal (D) PET-CT fused images on 2 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 120 hours in patient seven showed both of the primary tumor lesion and the liver metastatic lesion (arrow) showed high uptake of tracer. DR5, death receptor 5; IHC, immunohistochemistry; MIP, maximum intensity projection.

    The uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 in tumors at 48 hours was significantly higher in gastric cancer patients with stage III–IV disease than in those with stage I–II disease(SUVmax: 4.82±1.63 vs 2.2, p<0.0001). Nevertheless, uptake in colorectal cancer patients with stage III–IV disease was significantly lower than that in patients with stage I–II disease (SUVmax: 6.09±2.25 vs 10.48±2.96, p=0.015) (online supplemental figure 4C). No difference in uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 was observed between different degrees of differentiation or different pathological types of gastric cancers or colorectal cancers.

    The SUVmax of the primary tumors in patients with colorectal cancers who had received radiotherapy or chemotherapy was significantly lower than that in patients without treatment on the 48 hours 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT (SUVmax: 4.83±0.51 vs 8.94±3.28, p=0.005) (online supplemental figure 2C).

    Correlations with 89Zr-CTB006 uptake and RNAscope score

    The tumor uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 in patients with RNAscope scores of 3–4 was significantly higher than that in patients with scores of 0–2 (SUVmax 48 hours: 12.50±1.47 vs 5.49±2.26, p<0.001; 72 hours: 9.30±2.00 vs 4.41±2.00, p=0.001) (figures 4A,B and 6). The tumor uptake of 18F-FDG was also significantly higher in patients with RNAscope scores of 3–4 than in those with scores of 0–2 (SUVmax: 17.55±3.90 vs 9.60±6.05, p=0.046) (online supplemental figure 2D).

    Figure 6
    Figure 6

    PET/CT images and RNAscope staining of patient 17 and 1. (A) MIP image, the axial and coronal PET-CT fused images of 18F-FDG PET/CT of patient 17 showed high uptake of 18F-FDG in tumor (arrow). (B) MIP image, the axial and coronal PET-CT fused images of 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT of patient 17 showed high uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 in tumor (arrow). (C) RNAscope score of the patient 17 was 3 (40X). (D) MIP image, the axial and coronal PET-CT fused images of 18F-FDG PET/CT of patient one showed high uptake of 18F-FDG in tumor (arrow). (E) MIP image, the axial and coronal PET-CT fused images of 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT of patient one showed low uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 in tumor (arrow; the DASH arrow indicates the unclearly tumor lesion). (F) RNAscope score of patient 1 was 0 (40X). MIP, maximum intensity projection.

    The adrenal glands of all patients showed stable uptake during the whole examination, and patients with higher tumor uptake than adrenal glands were more likely to have DR5 overexpression (figure 4E). ROC curves were obtained by comparing DR5 expression status with SUVmax at 48 hours, 72 hours and SUVratio (ratio of SUVmax of tumor vs SUVmean of the adrenal glands) at 48 hours on 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT (figure 4F). The areas under the curve were 0.976, 0.905 and 0.9091, respectively, with p<0.05 (figure 4F). An SUVmax of 9.3 at 48 hours and 6.3 at 72 hours could be used to discriminate DR5 expression status of tumors both with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 92.9%, respectively. When a ratio of 1.38 was used to discriminate the DR5 expression status of tumors, the sensitivity and specificity of the model were 100% and 78.6%, respectively.

    Safety evaluation and dosimetry of 89Zr-CTB006 in patients

    There were no related adverse events or clinically detectable pharmacological effects in any of the patients. No significant changes were observed in vital signs, or laboratory tests or ECG. The dosimetry estimated from OLINDA showed that the organs receiving the highest absorbed doses were the liver and spleen with mean values of 1.42 and 1.17 mGy/MBq, respectively (online supplemental table 3). The mean effective dose was 0.349 mSv/MBq (1.29 rem/mCi).

    Discussion

    At present, chemotherapy usually leads to many strong side effects due to its non-selective cytotoxic effect. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate an antitumor drug that could selectively kill tumor cells with fewer side effects. Since being reported in 1995, TRAIL has shown selective apoptosis induction in vivo and has received widespread attention.15–18 Many humanized DR5 agonistic antibodies showed stable tumor cell selective apoptosis-inducing capabilities in preclinical research and were successively introduced into clinical trials.19 Although phase I clinical trials showed good safety and good antitumor effects in some patients, phase II clinical trials combined with chemotherapy failed to improve the antitumor efficacy of the combined chemotherapy drugs.20

    Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method to identify patients who would benefit from DR5 agonist antibody therapy, which will make it easier to achieve success inclinical trials. Previously, it was reported that 111In-CS1008 SPECT could reveal the interpatient and intrapatient heterogeneity of DR5 expression in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and was predictive of DR5 agonist efficacy.13 However, 111In-CS1008 uptake in tumors did not correlate with DR5 expression detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the achieved tumor samples. This finding might be because SPECT cannot quantitatively analyze radioactive uptake with low spatial resolution, suggesting that it was premature to use 111In-CS1008 SPECT clinically. PET can not only use the SUV value to qualitatively analyze uptake, but also has a higher spatial resolution and higher sensitivity, indicating that PET is a better approach than SPECT. Another reason might be the lack of DR5 antibodies reactive on paraffin sections, which has limited the application of IHC. To date, there has been no systematic survey of the sensitivity and specificity of currently used antibodies in detecting DR5 expression. RNAscope is a novel RNA ISH method that allows for the visualization of specific gene expression in tumor cells and is known for its higher sensitivity and specificity than traditional IHC methods.21 When IHC is not available or is difficult to standardize, RNAscope is a promising and sensitive method for the detection of target RNA in cells. RNAscope technology can provide an effective supplement for IHC detection when there is no effective antibody or the antibody sensitivity/specificity cannot meet the clinical needs, and has a more sensitive detection rate than IHC.22 mRNA detected by RNAscope demonstrated a positive association with protein status as determined by IHC.22

    Herein, we first reported that 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT imaging was safe in humans and could detect primary and metastatic lesions and DR5 expression levels effectively in gastrointestinal cancers. The biodistribution of 89Zr-CTB006 in humans was in line with the metabolism of 89Zr-labeled antibodies in vivo, which was consistent with the PET/CT imaging results of previously reported 89Zr-labeled antibodies.23 24 The probe was mainly concentrated in the heart and blood vessels, liver and spleen after administration. Clearance from the blood, liver, spleen began at 24 hours and the tumor visualization became obvious. At 72 hours, the contrast between the tumor and the background was optimal. Astonishingly, the adrenal glands maintained stable high uptake during the whole imaging process, and that the uptake decreased more slowly with time than other organs, which has not been reported previously. The attempts have been made to verify DR5 expression levels in the tissue samples of human adrenal gland by RNAscope and western blot analysis. However, both assays did not yield positive results. We believe both quality of tissue samples and detection sensitivity might be the issues. Thus far, the toxicity against adrenal glands by DR5 antibody has not been reported in clinical trials. Hence, whether this finding is because of DR5 overexpression in the adrenal glands or other reasons still needs further research. Compared with the four tracers previously reported by Bensch et al25 89Zr-CTB006 showed a comparable distribution pattern in the whole body. Healthy liver tissue as well as in the spleen, kidneys and intestines showed higher tracer concentrations. The bone marrow, lung and brain showed lower tracer concentrations. However, the higher concentration in the adrenal glands was different from the four tracers. However, due to the small volume, the adrenal glands only contained approximately 0.04% ID.

    In the current study, over 50.0% (10/18) of patients had no DR5 expression, and only 16.7% (3/18) of patients had DR5 overexpression in tumors, which indicated that the rate of DR5 expression was not as high as previously reported.26 This finding may also be the reason why only a subset of patients in the previous clinical trials showed antitumor effects, and no trials could achieve the endpoint of improving the efficacy in unselected patients.27 It might be because of the inaccurate detection of DR5 by IHC in previous studies, resulting in the overestimation of the DR5 expression rate in tumors. Although 111In-CS1008 SPECT has been reported to be able to predict DR5 expression in patients' tumors, it has not been used clinically due to its low resolution and inability to quantify.

    In this study, we demonstrated that 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT could clearly detect primary and metastatic tumor lesions and could quantitatively measure uptake in tumors to distinguish the DR5 expression status from animals to patients. The uptake of 89Zr-CTB006 in tumors with RNAscope scores of 3–4 was significantly higher than that of tumors with scores of 0–2. An SUVmax of 9.3 at 48 hours and 6.3 at 72 hours could be used to discriminate the DR5 expression status of tumors both with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 92.9%, respectively. Tumors with higher 89Zr-CTB006 uptake than adrenal glands were more likely to overexpress DR5, indicating that the uptake of adrenal glands could be a cut-off value to identify tumors with DR5 overexpression. The tumor-to-adrenal uptake ratio of 1.38 at 48 hours was an effective cut-off value to discriminate the DR5 expression status of tumors with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 78.6%, respectively. Furthermore, animal experiments in PDX mice demonstrated that 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT could determine DR5 expression in tumors with RNAscope scores of 3 and 4, which needs to be validated by a clinical trial with a large sample size. It is suggested that 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT can be used for the noninvasive detection of DR5 expression levels and has the potential to identify patients benefiting from DR5 agonist antibody treatment.

    89Zr-CTB006 uptake in patients who had received radiotherapy or chemotherapy was significantly lower than that in patients without treatment. This finding might indicate that radiotherapy and chemotherapy could downregulate DR5 expression levels and might also be a reason why DR5 agonists could not improve the antitumor activity of chemotherapy in clinical trials,28 29 although preclinical evidence of antitumor effects has been described in combination with chemotherapy.30 31 A previous study reported that DR5 expression in liver tissue and that TRAIL could induce apoptosis in the human liver, while hepatocytes from rats, mice and rhesus monkeys were not sensitive to human TRAIL. The study indicated that there were considerable differences between species in their response to TRAIL.32 The preclinical investigation results in other species should be taken with caution and preclinical evaluation of DR5 targeted antitumor treatment should include investigation with human cells.

    Conclusion

    Taken together, the study developed a noninvasive approach 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT to detect DR5 overexpressing tumors based on molecular imaging and suggested that 89Zr-CTB006 PET/CT has the potential to identify DR5 overexpressing patients. This study is the first to find high uptake in adrenal glands that could be an internal marker to distinguish DR5 overexpression, but the reason still needs further research. We also found that the rate of DR5 overexpression in tumor patients was substantially lower than that reported previously, which might explain the failure of clinical trials and needs further investigation.

    Data availability statement

    Data are available on reasonable request. The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

    Ethics statements

    Ethics approval

    The clinical trial approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Cancer Hospital (Ethical No. 2018YJZ64).

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    Supplementary materials

    • Supplementary Data

      This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.

    Footnotes

    • SW, HZ and YL contributed equally.

    • Contributors Conception and design: SW, HZ, YL, TZ, NL, AW and ZY. Financial support: HZ, NL and ZY. Administrative support: NL, AW and ZY. Collection and assembly of data: SW, HZ, YL, JD, FW, LD, XW, JZ, YZ, YY, NL, AW and ZY. Data analysis and interpretation: SW, HZ, YL, TZ, NL, AW and ZY. Manuscript writing: all authors. Final approval of manuscript: all authors. Accountable for all aspects of the work: all authors.

    • Funding This work was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2020ZX09201023), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81671733, 81871386, and 81871387), Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals-Yangfan Project (ZYLX201816), Beijing Hospitals Authority’ Ascent Plan (DFL20191102), Beijing Excellent Talents Funding (2017000021223ZK33), Beijing Millions of Talent Projects A level funding (No. 2019A38), Beijing Hospitals Authority Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support (ZYLX202116).

    • Competing interests No, there are no competing interests.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.