RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Antibiotic therapy and outcome from immune-checkpoint inhibitors JF Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer JO J Immunother Cancer FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd SP 287 DO 10.1186/s40425-019-0775-x VO 7 IS 1 A1 David J. Pinato A1 Daria Gramenitskaya A1 Daniel M. Altmann A1 Rosemary J. Boyton A1 Benjamin H. Mullish A1 Julian R. Marchesi A1 Mark Bower YR 2019 UL http://jitc.bmj.com/content/7/1/287.abstract AB Sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICPI) therapy is governed by a complex interplay of tumor and host-related determinants. Epidemiological studies have highlighted that exposure to antibiotic therapy influences the probability of response to ICPI and predict for shorter patient survival across malignancies. Whilst a number of studies have reproducibly documented the detrimental effect of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the immune-biologic mechanisms underlying the association with outcome are poorly understood. Perturbation of the gut microbiota, an increasingly well-characterized factor capable of influencing ICPI-mediated immune reconstitution, has been indicated as a putative mechanism to explain the adverse effects attributed to antibiotic exposure in the context of ICPI therapy. Prospective studies are required to validate antibiotic-mediated gut perturbations as a mechanism of ICPI refractoriness and guide the development of strategies to overcome this barrier to an effective delivery of anti-cancer immunotherapy.Abbreviations:ATBAntibioticcATBConcurrent antibiotic treatmentCDCluster of DifferentiationCTLA-4Cyotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4DCRDisease control rateEIOPEarly Immunotherapy PeriodGIGastrointestinalHRHazard RatioICPIImmune-checkpoint inhibitorsLPSLipopolysaccharideMHCMajor Histocompatibility ComplexNOD1Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1NSCLCNon-small Cell Lung CancerORROverall response rateOSOverall SurvivalpATBPrior antibiotic treatmentPDProgressive DiseasePD-1Programmed Cell-Death 1PD-L1Programmed Cell-Death Ligand 1PFSProgression-free survivalRCCRenal Cell CarcinomaRRResponse rateTHT-Helper cellTLRToll-like receptorsWIOPWhole immunotherapy Period