@article {Kunk14, author = {Paul R. Kunk and Todd W. Bauer and Craig L. Slingluff and Osama E. Rahma}, title = {From bench to bedside a comprehensive review of pancreatic cancer immunotherapy}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, elocation-id = {14}, year = {2016}, doi = {10.1186/s40425-016-0119-z}, publisher = {BMJ Specialist Journals}, abstract = {The incidence of pancreatic cancer has been increasing while its 5-year survival rate has not changed in decades. In the era of personalized medicine, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment modality in a variety of malignancies, including pancreatic cancer. This review will discuss the unique pancreatic tumor microenvironment, including the cells and receptors that transform the pancreas from its normal architecture into a complex mix of suppressor immune cells and dense extracellular matrix that allows for the unrestricted growth of cancer cells. Next, we will highlight the recently completed immunotherapy clinical trials in pancreatic cancer. Finally, we will explore the on-going immunotherapy clinical trials and future directions of this engaging and changing field.Abbreviations:{\textuparrow}increase{\textdownarrow}decrease4-1BBTumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 9APCantigen presenting cellCDcell differentiationCRcomplete responseCRTchemoradiationCTLA-4Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4CXCL12C-X-C motif chemokine 12DCdendritic cellDTHdelayed typed hypersensitivityELISAenzyme linked immunosorbent assayFOLFIRINOXfolinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatinGalGalectinsGM-CSFgranulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factorHSPheat shock proteinIDOIndoleamine 2,3-dioxygenaseIFN-γinterferon-gammaILinterleukinLAG-3Soluble Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3MDSCmyeloid derived suppressor cellMHCmajor histocompatibility complexmOSmedian overall survivalmsmonthsNAnot applicableNKnatural killer cellNRnot reportedOSoverall survivalOX-40Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 4PD-1programmed cell death-1PDGFplatelet derived growth factorPD-L1programmed cell death-ligand 1PRpartial responsePTMEpancreatic tumor microenvironmentRresponseSDstable diseaseTAMtumor associated macrophagesTCRT-cell receptorTGFtumor growth factorTILtumor infiltrating lymphocyteTIM-3T-cell Immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing molecule 3vEGFvascular epithelial growth factorvEGF-Rvascular epithelial growth factor-receptor}, URL = {https://jitc.bmj.com/content/4/1/14}, eprint = {https://jitc.bmj.com/content/4/1/14.full.pdf}, journal = {Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer} }