PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Deng, Jie
AU  - Le Mercier, Isabelle
AU  - Kuta, Anna
AU  - Noelle, Randolph J.
TI  - A New VISTA on combination therapy for negative checkpoint regulator blockade
AID  - 10.1186/s40425-016-0190-5
DP  - 2016 Dec 01
TA  - Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
PG  - 86
VI  - 4
IP  - 1
4099  - http://jitc.bmj.com/content/4/1/86.short
4100  - http://jitc.bmj.com/content/4/1/86.full
SO  - J Immunother Cancer2016 Dec 01; 4
AB  - Negative checkpoint regulators function to restrain T cell responses to maintain tolerance and limit immunopathology. However, in the setting of malignancy, these pathways work in concert to promote immune-mediate escape leading to the development of a clinically overt cancer. In the recent years, clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of blocking antibodies against these molecules have invigorated the field of immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the current understanding on established NCR blockade and how strategic combination therapy with anti-VISTA antibody can be used to target multiple non-redundant NCR pathways.Abbreviations:APCsAntigen presenting cellsCSF-1RColony stimulating factor 1 receptorCTLA-4Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen 4FDAFood and Drug AdministrationGVHDGraft-versus-host diseaseHIVHuman immunodeficiency virusIDOIndoleamine 2,3-dioxygenaseITIMImmunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifITSMImmunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifMDSCsMyeloid-derived suppressor cellsNCRNegative checkpoint regulatornTregsNatural regulatory T cellsPD-1Programmed cell death 1PD-L1Programmed cell death ligand 1PD-L2Programmed cell death ligand 2TCRT cell receptorTLRToll Like receptorTMETumor microenvironmentVISTAV-domain Ig Suppressor of T Cell ActivationWTWild type