PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE AU - Jianda Yuan AU - Priti S. Hegde AU - Raphael Clynes AU - Periklis G. Foukas AU - Alexandre Harari AU - Thomas O. Kleen AU - Pia Kvistborg AU - Cristina Maccalli AU - Holden T. Maecker AU - David B. Page AU - Harlan Robins AU - Wenru Song AU - Edward C. Stack AU - Ena Wang AU - Theresa L. Whiteside AU - Yingdong Zhao AU - Heinz Zwierzina AU - Lisa H. Butterfield AU - Bernard A. Fox TI - Novel technologies and emerging biomarkers for personalized cancer immunotherapy AID - 10.1186/s40425-016-0107-3 DP - 2016 Dec 01 TA - Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer PG - 3 VI - 4 IP - 1 4099 - http://jitc.bmj.com/content/4/1/3.short 4100 - http://jitc.bmj.com/content/4/1/3.full SO - J Immunother Cancer2016 Dec 01; 4 AB - The culmination of over a century’s work to understand the role of the immune system in tumor control has led to the recent advances in cancer immunotherapies that have resulted in durable clinical responses in patients with a variety of malignancies. Cancer immunotherapies are rapidly changing traditional treatment paradigms and expanding the therapeutic landscape for cancer patients. However, despite the current success of these therapies, not all patients respond to immunotherapy and even those that do often experience toxicities. Thus, there is a growing need to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers that enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the complex interactions between the immune system and cancer. Therefore, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) reconvened an Immune Biomarkers Task Force to review state of the art technologies, identify current hurdlers, and make recommendations for the field. As a product of this task force, Working Group 2 (WG2), consisting of international experts from academia and industry, assembled to identify and discuss promising technologies for biomarker discovery and validation. Thus, this WG2 consensus paper will focus on the current status of emerging biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade therapy and discuss novel technologies as well as high dimensional data analysis platforms that will be pivotal for future biomarker research. In addition, this paper will include a brief overview of the current challenges with recommendations for future biomarker discovery.Abbreviations:SITCsociety for immunotherapy of cancerWG2working group 2TMEtumor microenvironmentPD-1programmed cell death protein 1PD-L1programmed cell death ligand 1CTLA-4cytotoxic lymphocyte-associated antigen 4Tim-3T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3LAG-3lymphocyte-activation gene 3IDOindoleamine 2,3-dioxygenaseTregregulatory T cellsMDSCmyeloid derived suppressor cellsNSCLCnon-small cell lung cancerTCRT cell receptorBCRB cell receptorFDAfood and drug administrationLDHlactate dehydrogenaseVEGFvascular endothelial growth factorHLAhuman leukocyte antigenICOSinducible co-stimulatorTAAtumor associated antigenALCabsolute lymphocyte countAPCsantigen presenting cellsnTregnaïve regulatory T cellstTregthymus-derived regulatory T cellsiTreginducible regulatory T cellspTregperipheral regularoty T cellsLAPLatency-associated peptideGARPglycoprotein A repetitions predominantCFSEcarboxyfluoresceinsuccinimidyl asterKLF2Kruppel-like factor 2TGF-βtransforming growth factor-betaIL-10interleukin 10FOXP3forkhead box protein 3ITACinducible T-cell alpha chemoattractantIHCimmunohistochemistryTILtumor infiltrating lymphocyteLCMlaser capture microdissectedFFPEformalin fixed paraffin embeddedPBMCperipheral blood mononuclear cellsNIHNational Institutes of HealthCpGcytosine phosphate guanineBSCbisulfite conversionTSDRregulatory T cell-specific demethylated regionCVcoefficient of variationMHCmajor histocompatibility complexSERPAserologic proteome analysisSEREXserologic analysis of recombinant cDNA expression librariesCyTOFcytometry by time of flightCAR-Tchimeric antigen receptor T cell3Dthree-dimensional