PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Slovak, Ryan
AU  - Ludwig, Johannes M.
AU  - Gettinger, Scott N.
AU  - Herbst, Roy S.
AU  - Kim, Hyun S.
TI  - Immuno-thermal ablations – boosting the anticancer immune response
AID  - 10.1186/s40425-017-0284-8
DP  - 2017 Dec 01
TA  - Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
PG  - 78
VI  - 5
IP  - 1
4099  - http://jitc.bmj.com/content/5/1/78.short
4100  - http://jitc.bmj.com/content/5/1/78.full
SO  - J Immunother Cancer2017 Dec 01; 5
AB  - The use of immunomodulation to treat malignancies has seen a recent explosion in interest. The therapeutic appeal of these treatments is far reaching, and many new applications continue to evolve. In particular, immune modulating drugs have the potential to enhance the systemic anticancer immune effects induced by locoregional thermal ablation. The immune responses induced by ablation monotherapy are well documented, but independently they tend to be incapable of evoking a robust antitumor response. By adding immunomodulators to traditional ablative techniques, several researchers have sought to amplify the induced immune response and trigger systemic antitumor activity. This paper summarizes the work done in animal models to investigate the immune effects induced by the combination of ablative therapy and immunomodulation. Combination therapy with radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, and microwave ablation are all reviewed, and special attention has been paid to the addition of checkpoint blockades.Abbreviations:ATPAdenosine triphosphateBSABovine serum albuminCDCluster of differentiationCEACarcinoembryonic antigenCpG ODNCpG-oligodeoxynucleotidesCTLA-4Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4DAMPsDamage associated molecular patternsDCsDendritic cellsFoxP3Forkhead box P3FUSFocused ultrasoundGM-CSFGranulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factorHIFUHigh Intensity Focused ultra soundHMGB1High mobility group protein B1HSPsHeat shock proteinsHT-DCHeat-Shocked Tumor Cell lysate-pulsed dendritic cellsIFN-γInterferon γLOFULow energy focused ultrasoundMHCMajor histocompatability complexMWAMicrowave ablationNF-κβNuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cellsPDProgrammed death receptorRFARadiofrequency ablationRLURelative luminescence unitsSABRStereotactic ablative radiotherapySBRTStereotactic body radiation therapySIStimulation indexTGF-β1/2Transforming growth factor beta 1/2TLRToll-like receptorTNF-αTumor necrosis factor alphaTRICOMTriad of costimulatory moleculesVEGFVascular endothelial growth factorY90Yttrium 90