RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Oncolytic virus immunotherapy: future prospects for oncology
JF Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer
JO J Immunother Cancer
FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd
SP 140
DO 10.1186/s40425-018-0458-z
VO 6
IS 1
A1 Junaid Raja
A1 Johannes M. Ludwig
A1 Scott N. Gettinger
A1 Kurt A. Schalper
A1 Hyun S. Kim
YR 2018
UL http://jitc.bmj.com/content/6/1/140.abstract
AB Background Immunotherapy is at the forefront of modern oncologic care. Various novel therapies have targeted all three layers of tumor biology: tumor, niche, and immune system with a range of promising results. One emerging class in both primary and salvage therapy is oncolytic viruses. This therapy offers a multimodal approach to specifically and effectively target and destroy malignant cells, though a barrier oncoviral therapies have faced is a limited therapeutic response to currently delivery techniques.Main body The ability to deliver therapy tailored to specific cellular targets at the precise locus in which it would have its greatest impact is a profound development in anti-cancer treatment. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors have an improved tolerability profile relative to cytotoxic chemotherapy and whole beam radiation, severe immune-related adverse events have emerged as a potential limitation. These include pneumonitis, pancreatitis, and colitis, which are relatively infrequent but can limit therapeutic options for some patients. Intratumor injection of oncolytic viruses, in contrast, has a markedly lower rate of serious adverse effects and perhaps greater specificity to target tumor cells. Early stage clinical trials using oncolytic viruses show induction of effector anti-tumor immune responses and suggest that such therapies could also morph and redefine both the local target cells’ niche as well as impart distant effects on remote cells with a similar molecular profile.Conclusion It is imperative for the modern immuno-oncologist to understand the biological processes underlying the immune dysregulation in cancer as well as the effects, uses, and limitations of oncolytic viruses. It will be with this foundational understanding that the future of oncolytic viral therapies and their delivery can be refined to forge future horizons in the direct modulation of the tumor bed.Abbreviations:BCL XL(B cell lymphoma extra large)CD1d(Cluster of differentiation 1d)CD25(Cluster of differentiation 25)CD4(Cluster of differentiation 4)CD47(Cluster of differentiation 47)CD8(Cluster of differentiation 8)CTLA 4(Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4)DNA(Deoxyribose nucleic acid)ERK/MEK(Extracellular signal regulated kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase extracellular signal related kinase kinase)FAS(CD 95)FLIP(FLICE inhibitory pathway)GM-CSF(Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor)HMGB-1(High motility group box protein 1)HSV-1(Herpes simplex virus 1)IDO(Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase)IFN γ(Interferon gamma)IL 10(Interleukin 10)IL 2(Interleukin 2)JAK 1/2(Janus associated kinase 1/2)PD-1(Programmed death 1)PD-L1(Programmed death ligand 1)siRNA(Short ribose nucleic acid)SPECT(Single photon emission computed tomography)TNF(Tumor necrosis factor)TRM(Resident memory T cells)T-Vec(Talimogene laherparepvec)VEGF(Vascular endothelial growth factor)