Clinical trials in glioma or glioblastoma targeting activators of effector T cells
| Target receptor | Agent | Clinical trial | Trial name | Phase | Study population | Initiated | Location(s) | Status | Target accrual |
| 4-1BB | Urelumab | NCT02658981 | Anti-LAG-3 or urelumab alone and in combination with nivolumab in treating patients with recurrent glioblastoma | I | Recurrent glioblastoma | 8/2016 | USA | Recruiting | 100 |
| GITR | MK-4166 | NCT03707457 | Biomarker-driven therapy using immune activators with nivolumab in patients with first recurrence of glioblastoma | I | Recurrent glioblastoma | 3/2019 | USA | Recruiting | 30 |
| CD27 | Varlilumab | NCT02335918 | A dose escalation and cohort expansion study of anti-CD27 (varlilumab) and anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) in advanced refractory solid tumors | I/II | Glioblastoma | 1/2015 | USA | Completed | 175 |
| CD27 | Varlilumab | NCT03688178 | DC migration study to evaluate TReg depletion in patients with GBM with and without varlilumab (DERIVe) | II | Glioblastoma | 8/2019 | USA | Not yet recruiting | 112 |
| CD27 | Varlilumab | NCT02924038 | A study of varlilumab and IMA950 vaccine plus poly-ICLC in patients with WHO Grade II LGG | I | LGG (WHO grade II) | 1/2017 | USA | Recruiting | 30 |
DC, dendritic cell; GITR, glucocorticoid-induced TNF-related receptor; LAG-3, lymphocyte-activation gene 3; LGG, low-grade glioma.