Clinicopathological characteristics of patients included in the cohort
| Clinicopathological characteristics | Frequency (proportion) |
| Age (years) | |
| <65 | 20 (40.8%) |
| ≥65 | 29 (59.2%) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 46 (93.9%) |
| Female | 3 (6.1%) |
| AFP marker levels | |
| <400 | 33 (67.3%) |
| ≥400 | 16 (32.7%) |
| Line of systematic treatment | |
| First | 33 (67.3%) |
| Second | 14 (28.6%) |
| Third | 2 (4.1%) |
| Type of immunotherapy | |
| Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy | 30 (61.2%) |
| Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 + Anti-CTLA-4 combination | 13 (26.5%) |
| Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 + others combination | 6 (12.2%) |
| Viral hepatitis status | |
| HBV positive | 26 (53.1%) |
| HCV positive | 5 (10.2%) |
| Non-viral | 18 (36.7%) |
| BCLC clinical staging* | |
| B | 4 (8.16%) |
| C | 45 (91.8%) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Chinese | 34 (69.4%) |
| Malay | 9 (18.4%) |
| Others | 6 (13.2%) |
| Macrovascular invasion | |
| Yes | 14 (28.6%) |
| No | 35 (71.4%) |
| Extrahepatic spread | |
| Yes | 37 (75.5%) |
| No | 12 (24.5%) |
| ECOG PS | |
| 0 | 35 (71.4%) |
| ≥1 | 14 (28.6%) |
| Child-Pugh score | |
| A5 | 27 (55.1%) |
| A6 | 19 (38.8%) |
| B7 and B8 | 3 (6.1%) |
*Staged according to the BCLC staging system.28
†Graded according to the 4-scale Edmondson and Steiner grading system.29
AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; BCLC, barcelona clinic liver cancer staging; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1.