Patient, disease, and treatment variables at admission for patients with COVID-19 and solid tumors
| Characteristics | All patients | Groups | P value | OR (95% CI)* | |
| (n=216) | Non-survivors (n=37) | Survivors (n=179) | |||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 63.0 (57.0–70.2) | 66.0 (61.0–75.0) | 62.0 (56.0–69.5) | 0.065 | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.06) |
| Sex, male, frequency (%) | 113/216 (52.3) | 25/37 (67.6) | 88/179 (49.2) | 0.048 | 2.15 (1.02 to 4.55) |
| Smoking history, frequency (%) | 58/216 (26.9) | 14/37 (37.8) | 44/179 (24.6) | 0.106 | 1.87 (0.89 to 3.94) |
| Cancer type†, frequency (%) | 0.001 | ||||
| Breast cancer | 34/216 (15.7) | 1/37 (2.7) | 33/179 (18.4) | – | Ref |
| Gynecological cancer | 17/216 (7.9) | 1/37 (2.7) | 16/179 (8.9) | – | Ref |
| Head and neck cancer | 26/216 (12.0) | 1/37 (2.7) | 25/179 (14.0) | – | Ref |
| Gastrointestinal cancer | 68/216 (31.5) | 12/37 (32.4) | 56/179 (31.3) | – | 5.29 (1.42 to 19.61) |
| Lung cancer | 49/216 (22.7) | 14/37 (37.8) | 35/179 (19.6) | – | 9.87 (2.66 to 36.54) |
| Urogenital cancer | 22/216 (10.2) | 8/37 (21.6) | 14/179 (7.8) | – | 14.10 (3.33 to 59.77) |
| Cancer stage‡, frequency (%) | 0.009 | 1.67 (1.12 to 2.49) | |||
| I | 43/168 (25.6) | 2/26 (7.7) | 41/142 (28.9) | – | – |
| II | 40/168 (23.8) | 7/26 (26.9) | 33/142 (23.2) | – | – |
| III | 37/168 (22.0) | 4/26 (15.4) | 33/142 (23.2) | – | – |
| IV | 48/168 (28.6) | 13/26 (50.0) | 35/142 (24.6) | – | – |
| Receipt of antitumor treatment, frequency (%) | 78/186 (41.9) | 17/26 (65.4) | 61/160 (38.1) | 0.011 | 3.06 (1.29 to 7.30) |
| WBC count, ×109/L | 5.3 (4.1–7.1) | 7.5 (5.7–10.4) | 5.0 (4.0–6.4) | <0.001 | – |
| Lymphocyte count, ×109/L | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | <0.001 | – |
| Neutrophil count, ×109/L | 3.8 (2.6–5.5) | 6.6 (4.5–8.9) | 3.4 (2.5–4.7) | <0.001 | – |
| NLR | 4.0 (2.3–8.0) | 10.9 (7.2–19.5) | 3.4 (2.1–6.3) | <0.001 | – |
| dNLR | 2.5 (1.7–4.5) | 6.1 (4.4–10.9) | 2.2 (1.5–3.7) | <0.001 | – |
| Comorbid conditions | |||||
| Diabetes | 33/216 (15.3) | 4/37 (10.8) | 29/179 (16.2) | 0.615 | 0.63 (0.21 to 1.90) |
| Hypertension | 74/216 (34.3) | 15/37 (40.5) | 59/179 (33.0) | 0.447 | 1.39 (0.67 to 2.87) |
| Cardiovascular | 27/216 (12.5) | 7/37 (18.9) | 20/179 (11.2) | 0.271 | 1.86 (0.72 to 4.77) |
| Cerebrovascular | 18/216 (8.3) | 4/37 (10.8) | 14/179 (7.8) | 0.520 | 1.43 (0.44 to 4.61) |
| COPD | 21/216 (9.7) | 8/37 (21.6) | 13/179 (7.3) | 0.013 | 3.52 (1.34 to 9.24) |
| Chronic liver | 13/216 (6.0) | 3/37 (8.1) | 10/179 (5.6) | 0.471 | 1.49 (0.39 to 5.71) |
| Chronic renal | 9/216 (4.2) | 1/37 (2.7) | 8/179 (4.5) | 1.000 | 0.59 (0.07 to 4.89) |
| Signs, median (IQR) | |||||
| Heart rate, bpm | 86.0 (77.0–96.5) | 96.0 (77.0–104.0) | 85.0 (77.0–95.0) | 0.038 | – |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 128.0 (120.0–140.0) | 125.0 (115.0–141.0) | 128.0 (120.0–139.5) | 0.493 | – |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 78.5 (70.8–86.0) | 79.0 (71.0–87.0) | 78.0 (70.5–86.0) | 0.642 | – |
| Respiratory rate, breaths per minute | 20.0 (20.0–22.0) | 20.0 (20.0–23.0) | 20.0 (19.0–22.0) | 0.039 | – |
| Temperature, °C | 36.7 (36.5–37.5) | 36.8 (36.5–38.0) | 36.7 (36.5–37.5) | 0.472 | – |
| Symptoms, frequency (%) | |||||
| Fever | 160/216 (74.1) | 26/37 (70.3) | 134/179 (74.9) | 0.543 | 0.79 (0.36 to 1.74) |
| Cough | 141/216 (65.3) | 24/37 (64.9) | 117/179 (65.4) | 1.000 | 0.98 (0.47 to 2.05) |
| Sputum | 88/216 (40.7) | 18/37 (48.6) | 70/179 (39.1) | 0.358 | 1.48 (0.72 to 3.01) |
| Dyspnea | 85/216 (39.4) | 26/37 (70.3) | 59/179 (33.0) | <0.001 | 4.81 (2.22 to 10.38) |
| Fatigue | 108/216 (50.0) | 25/37 (67.6) | 83/179 (46.4) | 0.029 | 2.41 (1.14 to 5.09) |
| Headache | 17/216 (7.9) | 5/37 (13.5) | 12/179 (6.7) | 0.179 | 2.17 (0.72 to 6.60) |
| Muscle ache | 28/216 (13.0) | 2/37 (5.4) | 26/179 (14.5) | 0.181 | 0.34 (0.08 to 1.48) |
| Sore throat | 14/216 (6.5) | 1/37 (2.7) | 13/179 (7.3) | 0.473 | 0.35 (0.04 to 2.80) |
| Diarrhea | 29/216 (13.4) | 4/37 (10.8) | 25/179 (14.0) | 0.793 | 0.75 (0.24 to 2.29) |
| Nausea | 19/216 (8.8) | 2/37 (5.4) | 17/179 (9.5) | 0.540 | 0.54 (0.12 to 2.46) |
| Sneeze | 10/216 (4.6) | 1/37 (2.7) | 9/179 (5.0) | 0.433 | 2.46 (0.11 to 26.33) |
| Nasal congestion | 3/216 (1.4) | 1/37 (2.7) | 2/179 (1.1) | 0.531 | 1.63 (0.08 to 13.14) |
| Anorexia | 10/216 (4.6) | 1/37 (2.7) | 9/179 (5.0) | 1.000 | 0.52 (0.06 to 4.27) |
| Radiologic findings, frequency (%) | 0.459 | ||||
| No involvement | 6/195 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 6/167 (3.6) | – | Ref |
| Unilateral involvement | 31/195 (15.9) | 4/28 (14.3) | 27/167 (16.2) | – | 0.86 (0.28 to 2.69) |
| Bilateral involvement | 158/195 (81.0) | 24/28 (85.7) | 134/167 (80.2) | – | 1.48 (0.48 to 4.55) |
| Receipt of steroid, frequency (%) | 86/216 (39.8) | 23/37 (62.2) | 63/179 (35.2) | 0.003 | – |
| Complications, frequency (%) | |||||
| Stroke | 30/213 (14.1) | 30/35 (85.7) | 0/178 (0.0) | <0.001 | – |
| ARDS | 62/213 (29.1) | 35/36 (97.2) | 27/177 (15.3) | <0.001 | – |
| Acute heart failure | 9/212 (4.2) | 8/34 (23.5) | 1/178 (0.6) | <0.001 | – |
| Acute renal failure | 6/214 (2.8) | 6/36 (16.7) | 0/178 (0.0) | <0.001 | – |
| Pulmonary embolism | 1/213 (0.5) | 0/35 (0.0) | 1/178 (0.6) | 1.000 | – |
| Arrhythmia | 11/210 (5.2) | 10/33 (30.3) | 1/177 (0.6) | <0.001 | – |
Continuous variables were summarized as median (IQR), and categorical variables as n/N (%), where N was the total number of patients without missing data. Continuous variables and cancer stage were compared between groups with Mann-Whitney U tests, and categorical variables were compared with Fisher’s exact tests. Sample size for analysis of cancer stage was 168; for antitumor treatment, 186; and for radiologic findings, 195.
*We estimated ORs for potentially influential factors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 and solid tumors, including demographics, smoking history, cancer characteristics, comorbidities, symptoms, and radiologic findings on admission. ORs were provided for categorical variables of inflammation-related indices in table 2, but not for continuous variables of these indices.
†Breast cancer, gynecologic cancer, and head and neck cancer were treated as the reference group when estimating ORs for cancer type.
‡Cancer stage was treated as an ordinal variable when estimating OR.
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; dNLR, derived NLR; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; OR, odds ratio; WBC, peripheral white blood cell.