Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with hospital admission and overall survival
| Hospital admission | Overall survival | |||||
| Univariate OR (95% CI) | P value | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | P value | Univariate HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| ≤65 | 1 | 0.7662 | 1 | 0.5814 | ||
| >65 | 1.13 (0.50 to 2.55) | 0.76 (0.29 to 2.01) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1 | 0.5017 | 1 | 0.7924 | ||
| Female | 0.74 (0.31 to 1.78) | 1.14 (0.42 to 3.10) | ||||
| Region | ||||||
| Europe | 1 | 0.0306 | 1 | 0.0006 | ||
| Australia | 0.31 (0.13 to 0.75) | NA* | ||||
| North America | 0.35 (0.03 to 3.73) | 6.30 (2.20 to 18.00) | ||||
| Treatment setting | ||||||
| Advanced | 1 | 0.1080 | NA† | |||
| (Neo)adjuvant | 0.42 (0.14 to 1.21) | NA | ||||
| Cancer type | ||||||
| Melanoma | 1 | 0.4847 | 1 | 0.0345 | ||
| NSCLC | 1.15 (0.35 to 3.75) | 3.81 (1.02 to 14.27) | ||||
| Other | 2.21 (0.75 to 6.53) | 5.71 (1.73 to 18.83) | ||||
| RCC | 1.84 (0.46 to 7.34) | 2.65 (0.51 to 13.66) | ||||
| Coexisting disorder Cardiovascular | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.0498 | 1 | 0.1446 | ||
| Yes | 0.34 (0.12 to 1.00) | 0.33 (0.08 to 1.46) | ||||
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.5566 | 1 | 0.6697 | ||
| Yes | 1.39 (0.46 to 4.20) | 1.31 (0.38 to 4.57) | ||||
| Pulmonary disease | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.5482 | 1 | 0.1289 | ||
| Yes | 1.44 (0.44 to 4.79) | 2.38 (0.78 to 7.31) | ||||
| Kidney disease | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.3183 | 1 | 0.0271 | ||
| Yes | 2.32 (0.44 to 12.15) | 4.09 (1.17 to 14.29) | ||||
| ICI | ||||||
| Anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 | 1 | 0.0287 | 1 | 0.0273 | 1 | 0.7585 |
| Anti-PD-1+anti-CTLA-4 | 4.37 (1.40 to 13.61) | 5.68 (1.58 to 20.36) | 1.43 (0.41 to 5.03) | |||
| Other | 2.91 (0.39 to 21.88) | 2.13 (0.17 to 26.29) | 1.77 (0.23 to 13.62) | |||
| Interval between last ICI dose and COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||||
| ≥28 days | 1 | 0.2021 | 1 | 0.6273 | ||
| <28 days | 0.59 (0.26 to 1.33) | 1.27 (0.48 to 3.34) | ||||
| Previous chemotherapy | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.8084 | 1 | 0.4246 | ||
| Yes | 0.88 (0.33 to 2.38) | 1.53 (0.54 to 4.35) | ||||
| ECOG at COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||||
| 0–1 | 1 | 0.0014 | 1 | 0.0013 | 1 | 0.0115 |
| 2–4 | 30.82 (3.75 to 253.2) | 39.25 (4.17 to 369.2) | 3.84 (1.35 to 10.92) | |||
| Prednisone ≥10 mg/day | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.0075 | 1 | 0.5099 | ||
| Yes | 5.04 (1.54 to 16.48) | 1.52 (0.44 to 5.30) | ||||
| Symptoms | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.0018 | 1 | 0.0073 | 1 | 0.0526 |
| Yes | 5.34 (1.86 to 15.33) | 5.30 (1.57 to 17.89) | 4.31 (0.98 to 18.85) | |||
| Fever | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.7839 | 1 | 0.1786 | ||
| Yes | 1.16 (0.41 to 3.25) | 0.50 (0.18 to 1.38) | ||||
| Cough | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.3484 | 1 | 0.5760 | ||
| Yes | 0.63 (0.23 to 1.67) | 0.75 (0.27 to 2.07) | ||||
| Dyspnea | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.0054 | 1 | 0.0182 | ||
| Yes | 4.74 (1.58 to 14.21) | 3.49 (1.24 to 9.84) | ||||
| Laboratory tests‡ WBC ≥10,000/mm3 | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.0025 | 1 | 0.4181 | ||
| Yes | 8.70 (2.15 to 35.29) | 1.70 (0.47 to 6.12) | ||||
| Lymphocytes <1500/mm3 | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.0089 | 1 | 0.0250 | ||
| Yes | 3.76 (1.39 to 10.16) | 4.38 (1.20 to 15.94) | ||||
| CRP ≥100 mg/L | ||||||
| No | NA§ | 1 | 0.0194 | |||
| Yes | NA | 3.70 (1.24 to 11.10) | ||||
| Creatinine ≥133 µM | ||||||
| No | 1 | 0.0879 | 1 | 0.1012 | ||
| Yes | 3.29 (0.84 to 12.88) | 2.98 (0.81 to 11.03) | ||||
| RECIST response | ||||||
| SD/PD | 1 | 0.0928 | 1 | 0.1422 | ||
| PR/CR | 0.40 (0.14 to 1.17) | 0.38 (0.10 to 1.39) | ||||
*No patients in Australia died.
†All patients who died had advanced disease.
‡Within 3 days of COVID-19 diagnosis.
§All patients with CRP ≥100 mg/L were admitted to hospital.
CR, complete response; CRP, C reactive protein; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibition; NA, not available; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD, progressive disease; PD-L1, programmed cell death-ligand 1; PR, partial response; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; SD, stable disease; WBC, white blood cells.