Non-canonical programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) signaling in cancer cells
| Cancer type | Biology effect | Potential implication in clinic | Ref |
| Human melanoma (tumor tissue, cell lines), mouse melanoma (cell lines) | Promoting tumorigenesis by activating mTOR signaling | Contribution of melanoma PD-1 to the efficacy of PD-1 blockade therapy | 22 |
| Human hepatoma (tumor tissue, cell lines), mouse hepatoma (cell lines) | Promoting tumorigenesis by activating mTOR signaling | Contribution of hepatoma PD-1 to the efficacy of PD-1 blockade therapy | 131 |
| Human pancreatic cancer (tumor tissue, cell lines) | Promoting proliferation of cancer cells by targeting CYR61/CTGF via hippo pathway | Pancreatic cancer cell-intrinsic PD-1 correlate with poor prognosis | 132 |
| Human NSCLC (tumor tissue, cell lines), mouse NSCLC (cell line, M109) | Inhibiting proliferation of NSCLC cells | Contribution of NSCLC-intrinsic PD-1 signaling to HPD during PD-1 blockade therapy | 133 |
| Human lung cancer (tumor tissue, cell lines), human CRC (cell lines) | Inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells by suppressing AKT and ERK signaling (lung cancer cells and CRC cells) | Contribution of cancer cell-intrinsic PD-1 signaling to HPD during PD-1 blockade therapy | 21 |
CRC, colorectal cancer; HPD, hyperprogressive disease; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.