Associations of (A) pretreatment and (B) on-treatment cytokine levels with clinical benefit from systemic therapy
| (A) Pretreatment | n | CB | NCB | P value |
| G-CSF (VEGF-TKI) | ||||
| High | 11 | 5 (38.5%) | 6 (66.7%) | 0.02 |
| Low | 11 | 8 (61.5%) | 3 (33.3%) | |
| IL-1RA (VEGF-TKI) | ||||
| High | 9 | 4 (30.8%) | 5 (55.6%) | 0.03 |
| Low | 13 | 9 (69.2%) | 4 (44.4%) | |
| IL-6 (VEGF-TKI) | ||||
| High | 11 | 2 (15.4%) | 7 (77.8%) | 0.02 |
| Low | 11 | 11 (84.6%) | 2 (22.2%) | |
| (B) On-treatment | n | CB | NCB | P value |
| GM-CSF (VEGF-TKI) | ||||
| High | 10 | 3 (25.0%) | 7 (77.8%) | 0.01 |
| Low | 11 | 9 (75.0%) | 2 (22.2%) | |
| IFN-γ (ICI) | ||||
| High | 10 | 9 (64.3%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0.04 |
| Low | 15 | 5 (35.7%) | 10 (90.9%) | |
| IL-12 (ICI) | ||||
| High | 15 | 10 (71.4%) | 5 (45.4%) | 0.03 |
| Low | 10 | 4 (28.6%) | 6 (54.6%) | |
| IL-13 (VEGF-TKI) | ||||
| High | 12 | 4 (33.3%) | 8 (88.9%) | 0.02 |
| Low | 9 | 8 (66.7%) | 1 (11.1%) | |
| VEGF (VEGF-TKI) | ||||
| High | 15 | 11 (91.7%) | 4 (44.4%) | 0.04 |
| Low | 6 | 1 (8.3%) | 5 (55.6%) | |
The χ2 test was used to determine statistical significance in comparison of high versus low cytokine values between CB and NCB patients.
CB, clinical benefit ; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; NCB, no clinical benefit; VEGF-TKI, vascular endothelial growth factor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor.