Cell line-derived xenografts (CDX) | Candidate screening (efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics) Subcutaneous, surgical implant into the tissue/organ of interest (orthotopic implantations) Wide range of oncology indications/therapeutics including cell-based therapies Some models can be used to evaluate metastatic disease
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Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) | | Histological ‘fidelity’ to original patient tumor Extensively characterized Reported to be predictive for clinical outcome25
| Immune-deficient mouse required Logistically challenging to establish Some tumor types have limited availability Slower growing (generally) versus human xenografts Increased expense versus human xenografts
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Humanized immune system mice | | | |
Syngeneic cell lines | Drug screening studies Efficacy studies Mechanism of action
| | Can be poorly predictive24 Established decades ago; genetic drift is possible resulting in the same cell line performing differently in different labs Overall number of models is limited
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Genetically engineered mouse models | | | |
Tumor organoids/ spheroids | Assess impact of tumor heterogeneity Develop tumor/immune cell models Assess appropriate therapy choice
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