Table 2

Past and ongoing clinical trials with their respective molecular targets and imaging agents used for the nuclear-based and MRI-based imaging of T cell-based immunotherapy and related immune components

Molecular target	Imaging Agent	Labeling approach	Imaging modality	ClinicalTrial.gov identification	Status	Ref.
IL-2	(¹⁸F)FB-IL-2	Direct	PET	NCT02922283	Terminated, no correlation	37
IL-2	^99mTc-HYNIC-IL-2	Direct	PET	NCT01789827	Completed	91
CD8	⁸⁹Zr-Df-IAB22M2C	Direct	PET	NCT03802123, NCT03107663	Active (not recruiting), Completed	39
CD8	⁸⁹Zr-ZED88082A	Direct	PET	NCT04029181	Recruiting	92
CD8	⁸⁹Zr-DFO-REGN5054	Direct	PET	NCT05259709	Not yet recruiting	40
Granzyme B	⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-hGZP	Direct	PET	NCT04169321	Recruiting	41
dGK	(¹⁸F)F-AraG	Direct	PET	NCT03142204, NCT03007719, NCT03129061	Recruiting, Terminated, Recruiting	93
dCK	(¹⁸F)CFA,(¹⁸F)FAC	Direct	PET	NCT03409419	Completed	46 94
PD-1	⁸⁹Zr-Pembrolizumab	Direct	PET	NCT02760225	Completed	49
PD-1	⁸⁹Zr-Nivolumab	Direct	PET	2015-004760-11	Active	36
PD-L1	¹⁸F-BMS-986192	Direct	PET	NCT03843515, NCT03520634	Active (not recruiting), Completed	51
PD-L1	⁸⁹Zr-Durvalumab	Direct	PET	NCT03829007, NCT03610061	Completed, Recruiting	36
PD-L1	⁸⁹Zr-MEDI4736	Direct	PET	NCT03853187	Recruiting	36
PD-L1	⁸⁹Zr-Avelumab	Direct	PET	NCT03514719	Completed	36
PD-L1	⁸⁹Zr-Atezolizumab, ⁸⁹Zr-MDPL-3280A	Direct	PET	NCT03850028, NCT02453984, NCT02478099	Recruiting, Active (not recruiting), Recruiting	36
PD-L1	⁸⁹Zr- DFO-REGN3504	Direct	PET	NCT03746704	Recruiting	36
CTLA-4	⁸⁹Zr-Ipilimumab	Direct	PET	NCT03313323	Recruiting	36
CTLA-4	(¹⁸F)FLT	Direct	PET	NCT00471887	Completed	54
LAG-3	⁸⁹Zr-DFO-REGN3767,	Direct	PET	NCT04706715, NCT04566978	Recruiting, Recruiting	36 56
LAG-3	⁸⁹Zr-BI 754111	Direct	PET	NCT03780725	Terminated	95
TIM-3	(¹⁸F)CFA	Direct	PET	NCT03409419	Completed	96
HSV1-tk/GRm13Z40 CAR-T	(¹⁸F)FHBG	Indirect	PET	NCT00730613, NCT01082926	Completed	31
HSV1-tk/P28z CAR-T	(¹⁸F)FIAU	Indirect	PET	NCT01140373	Active, not recruiting	97
HSV1-tk/CD34 T cells	(¹⁸F)FHBG	Indirect	PET	NCT00871702	Completed	98
DC	(¹⁸F)FLT	Direct	MRI	NCT00243529	Completed, Completed	62
DC	SPIO/¹¹¹In-oxine	Direct	MRI	NCT00243594	Completed	63

BI, Boehringer Ingelheim; BMS, Bristol-Myers Squibb; DC, dendritic cell; dCK, Deoxycytidine kinase; Df or DFO, Deferoxamine; dGK, Deoxyguanosine; [¹⁸F]CFA, [¹⁸F]Clorafabine; [¹⁸F]FAC, 1-(2’-deoxy-2’-¹⁸F-fluoroarabino-furanosyl) cytosine; [¹⁸F]F-AraG, 2’- deoxy-2’-¹⁸F-fluoro-9β-D-arabinofuranosy-guanine; [¹⁸F]FB-IL-2, N-(4-¹⁸F-fluorobenzoyl_interleukin-2; [¹⁸F]FHBG, 9-(4-(18)F-Fluoro-3[hydroxymethyl]butyl)guanine; [¹⁸F]FIAU, 2’-deoxy-2’-[¹⁸F]-fluoro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5- iodouracil; ⁶⁸Ga-NOTA-hGZP, ⁶⁸Gallium-1,4,7- Triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid-human biotin-βAla-GGG-IEPD-CHO; GRm13Z40, Interleukin-13 zetakine Receptor Alpha 2-targeted CAR; PET, positron emission tomography; P28z, PSMA-targeted CD28z CAR; SPIO, superparamagnetic iron oxide.