Table 2

Organoid establishment rate and established therapeutic screening

Tissue origin	Establishment rate	Organoid drug screening	Organoid-immune co-cultures established	Immunotherapeutics tested	Refs
Bladder	67.6%	Yes	Yes	CAR T cell therapy	69 94 95
Brain (glioblastoma)	~90%	Yes	Yes	CAR T cell therapy	38 96
Breast	87.5%	Yes	No		97 98
Colorectal	80%	Yes	Yes	CAR T cell therapy Immune checkpoint inhibition therapy Bispecific antibody therapy	37 64 68 99 100
Gastric	55–75%	Yes	Yes	Immune checkpoint inhibition therapy	65 101 102
Kidney (renal cell carcinoma)	66.6%	Yes	Yes	Immune checkpoint inhibition therapy	60 103 104
Liver and intrahepatic bile duct	24.2% HCC 36% CCA	Yes, both HCC and CCA	Yes	None	48 105 106
Lung	17%	Yes	Yes	Immune checkpoint inhibition therapy	107–109
Skin (melanoma)	90%	Yes	Yes	Immune checkpoint inhibition therapy	39 110
Ovarium	80%	Yes	Yes	Immune checkpoint inhibition therapy	63 111
Pancreatic	75%–83%	Yes	Yes	T cell transfer	74 112–114
Prostate	15%–20%	Yes	No		115