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Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment in Cervical Cancer Patients

  • Published:
Cancer Microenvironment

Abstract

Cervical cancer is caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV) in virtually all cases. These HPV-induced cancers express the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 and are therefore potentially recognized by the immune system. Despite the abundant presence of these foreign antigens, the immune system is unable to cope with the tumor. Due to the constant immunological pressure, cervical cancers can evolve different immune evasion strategies, which will be described in the current review. Several approaches for immunotherapy of cervical cancer are currently under development, which aim at inducing strong HPV-specific immunity. Besides the reinforcement of potent anti-tumor immune responses, immunotherapy could also enhance HPV-specific T regulatory cells. Supplementary strategies that neutralize an immunosuppressive milieu may have great potential. These strategies are discussed as well.

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Abbreviations

HPV:

Human papilloma virus

LSIL:

Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion

HSIL:

High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion

IFNγ:

Interferon γ

IL-5:

Interleukin 5

CxCa:

Cervical cancer

CTL:

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

NK cell:

Natural killer cell

cFLIP:

FLICE-inhibitory protein

IDO:

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

VEGF:

Vascuar endotheial growth factor

TGFβ:

Tumor growth factor β

Tregs:

Regulatory T cells

IRF:

Interferon regulatory factor

TAM:

Tumor-associated macrophage

DC:

Dedritic cell

MDSC:

Myeloid derived suppressor cells

PD1:

Programmed death 1

APC:

Antigen presenting cell

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Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank dr. S.H. van der Burg for critically reading the manuscript. The author apologizes on behalf of all the excellent research that could not be cited because of space limitations. The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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Correspondence to Sytse J. Piersma.

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Piersma, S.J. Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment in Cervical Cancer Patients. Cancer Microenvironment 4, 361–375 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12307-011-0066-7

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