Immunity
Volume 53, Issue 4, 13 October 2020, Pages 864-877.e5
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Article
Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection Impairs Dendritic Cell and T Cell Responses

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.026Get rights and content
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Highlights

  • Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection results in broad immune cell reduction

  • Both dendritic cells and T cells are functionally impaired

  • Neutralizing antibodies are rapidly and abundantly generated

  • RBD- and NP-specific T cells are delayed at the acute stage

Summary

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in millions of infections, yet the role of host immune responses in early COVID-19 pathogenesis remains unclear. By investigating 17 acute and 24 convalescent patients, we found that acute SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in broad immune cell reduction including T, natural killer, monocyte, and dendritic cells (DCs). DCs were significantly reduced with functional impairment, and ratios of conventional DCs to plasmacytoid DCs were increased among acute severe patients. Besides lymphocytopenia, although neutralizing antibodies were rapidly and abundantly generated in patients, there were delayed receptor binding domain (RBD)- and nucleocapsid protein (NP)-specific T cell responses during the first 3 weeks after symptoms onset. Moreover, acute RBD- and NP-specific T cell responses included relatively more CD4 T cells than CD8 T cells. Our findings provided evidence that impaired DCs, together with timely inverted strong antibody but weak CD8 T cell responses, could contribute to acute COVID-19 pathogenesis and have implications for vaccine development.

Keywords

SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
acute infection
convalescent
dendritic cell
receptor-binding domain
nucleocapsid protein
neutralizing antibody
T cell immune response

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These authors contributed equally

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