Cytomegalovirus (CMV) continues to be a cause of substantial morbidity and death after solid-organ transplantation. There are 3 major consequences of CMV infection: CMV disease, including a wide range of clinical illnesses; superinfection with opportunistic pathogens; and injury to the transplanted organ, possibly enhancing chronic rejection. This article discusses the considerable progress that has been made in elucidating risk factors for CMV disease, in the rapid detection of CMV in clinical specimens, and in the use of antiviral chemotherapy and immunoglobulin to prevent and treat CMV disease after solid-organ transplantation.