Interleukin-2 (IL-2)–inducible T cell kinase (ITK) mediates T cell receptor (TCR) signaling
primarily to stimulate the production of cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, from T helper …

Background Individualized neoantigen-specific immunotherapy (iNeST) requires robustly
expressed clonal neoantigens for efficacy, but tumor mutational heterogeneity, loss of …

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue is the most commonly used material for
tumor molecular profiling, therapy selection, and prognostication. Tumor tissue enrichment …

The kidney is a complex organ that governs many physiological parameters. It is roughly
divided into three parts, the renal pelvis, medulla, and cortex. Covering the cortex is the …

Optimization and standardization of immunohistochemistry (IHC) protocols within and
between laboratories requires reproducible positive and negative control samples. In many …

Tumor enrichment in low tumor content tissues, those below 20% tumor content depending
on the method, is required to generate quality data reproducibly with many downstream …

With the advent of checkpoint inhibitors, there is increasing need to study the dynamics of
CD8+ T-cells in the tumor microenviroment. In this article, we describe a semi-automated …

Cryopreserving tissues for histology requires the use of coolants to buffer the sample from
liquid nitrogen (LN2) and to control the rate of temperature decline. Several coolants sharing …

Positive and negative controls with known expression of target proteins are essential for the
development of immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays. While tissue controls are beneficial for …

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with venous tumor thrombus (VTT) arising from the primary
tumor occurs in approximately 10% of cases and is thought to represent more advanced …