Strategies to help improve the efficacy of the immune system against cancer represent an
important innovation, with recent attention having focused on anti-programmed death (PD) …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is an intracellular signaling pathway
involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation and the survival of tumor cells. Several …

Melanoma patient remains a challenging for the radiologist, due to the difficulty related to the
management of a patient more often in an advanced stage of the disease. It is necessary to …

Background Previous studies have suggested that elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
(NLR) is prognostic for worse outcomes in patients with a variety of solid cancers, including …

Comment 1286 www. thelancet. com/oncology Vol 16 October 2015 previously treated with
ipilimumab, the proportion of patients who achieved an objective response to nivolumab …

Melanoma is responsible for most skin cancer-related deaths and is one of the most
common cancers diagnosed in young adults. In melanoma, tumors can become established …

Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase (Raf-MAPK) pathway inhibition with the BRAF
inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib, alone or in combination with a MEK inhibitor, has …

Introduction Combination treatment with a BRAF inhibitor and MEK inhibitor is the standard
of care for patients with advanced BRAF V600 mutation-positive melanoma. With the …

Cutaneous melanoma is a lethal disease, even when diagnosed in advanced stages.
Although recent progress in biology and treatment has dramatically improved survival rates …

Background Inhibitors of immune checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)
receptor on T cells have shown remarkable clinical outcomes in metastatic melanoma …