Abstract The American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer
(AJCC/UICC) TNM staging system provides the most reliable guidelines for the routine …

Prediction of clinical outcome in cancer is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation
of tissue samples obtained during surgical resection of the primary tumor. Traditional tumor …

Cancer testis antigens (CTA) are a large family of tumor-associated antigens expressed in
human tumors of different histological origin, but not in normal tissues except for testis and …

Background Phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of the BRAF kinase inhibitor vemurafenib
(PLX4032) have shown response rates of more than 50% in patients with metastatic …

Background Nivolumab (a programmed death 1 [PD-1] checkpoint inhibitor) and ipilimumab
(a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 [CTLA-4] checkpoint inhibitor) have been …

Background Nivolumab was associated with higher rates of objective response than
chemotherapy in a phase 3 study involving patients with ipilimumab-refractory metastatic …

Background Ipilimumab monotherapy (at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram of body weight), as
compared with glycoprotein 100, improved overall survival in a phase 3 study involving …

Background Nivolumab and ipilimumab are immune checkpoint inhibitors that have been
approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma. In the United States, ipilimumab has …

Purpose: Immunotherapeutic agents produce antitumor effects by inducing cancer-specific
immune responses or by modifying native immune processes. Resulting clinical response …

Background Nivolumab combined with ipilimumab resulted in longer progression-free
survival and a higher objective response rate than ipilimumab alone in a phase 3 trial …