Macrophages are strategically located throughout the body tissues, where they ingest and
process foreign materials, dead cells and debris and recruit additional macrophages in …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have emerged as major regulators of immune
responses in cancer and other pathological conditions. In recent years, ample evidence …

Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in
space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate …

Description of macrophage activation is currently contentious and confusing. Like the
biblical Tower of Babel, macrophage activation encompasses a panoply of descriptors used …

Complex interplay between T helper (Th) cells and macrophages contributes to the
formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. While Th1 cytokines promote …

Universal and essential to cytokine receptor signaling, the JAK-STAT pathway is one of the
best understood signal transduction cascades. Almost 40 cytokine receptors signal through …

Cytokine signaling via a restricted number of Jak-Stat pathways positively and negatively
regulates all cell types involved in the initiation, propagation, and resolution of inflammation …

Macrophage-specific expression of Arginase-1 is commonly believed to promote
inflammation, fibrosis, and wound healing by enhancing L-proline, polyamine, and Th2 …

The NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) proteins NOD1 and NOD2 have
important roles in innate immunity as sensors of microbial components derived from …

The mechanism by which mutations in CARD15, which encodes nucleotide-binding
oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), cause Crohn disease is poorly understood. Because …